Hemorrhage is a major cause of preventable mortality in trauma, emergency medicine, and surgical procedures. Rapid and effective bleeding control is essential for improving patient survival. Hemostatic powders have emerged as promising biomaterials capable of accelerating blood coagulation through physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Their performance depends not only on physicochemical properties but also on physiological parameters regulating the coagulation process. Blood coagulation is a complex mechanism involving platelet activation, coagulation cascade reactions, fibrin formation, and clot stabilization. Various hematological and biochemical factors, including platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, thrombin activity, calcium ion levels, hematocrit, blood viscosity, pH, temperature, and coagulation factor function, significantly influence clot formation and stability. These parameters affect the interaction between blood components and hemostatic powders, thereby determining their hemostatic efficiency. This review discusses the key physiological parameters affecting blood coagulation and their impact on powder-based hemostatic agents. Recent developments in mineral, polysaccharide-based, clay, zeolite, chitosan-derived, and composite hemostatic powders are reviewed, with emphasis on their coagulation mechanisms, current challenges, and future perspectives for developing advanced hemostatic materials.

Blood coagulation hemostatic powder blood clotting platelets fibrinogen coagulation factors biological materials hemostasis.